Abstract Introduction: Replacement of the aortic valve in patients with a small aortic annulus is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A prosthesis-patient mismatch is one of the main problems associated with failed valves in this patient population. Objective: To evaluate the long-term mortality predictors in patients with a small aortic annulus undergoing aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, a total of 101 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement from January 2000 to December 2010 were studied. There were 81 (80.19%) women with a mean age of 52.81±18.4 years. Severe aortic stenosis was the main indication for surgery in 54 (53.4%) patients. Posterior annulus enlargement was performed in 16 (15.8%) patients. Overall, 54 (53.41%) patients underwent concomitant surgery: 28 (27.5%) underwent mitral valve replacement, and 13 (12.7%) underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results: Mean valve index was 0.82±0.08 cm2/m2. Overall, 17 (16.83%) patients had a valve index lower than 0.75 cm2/m2, without statistical significance for mortality (P=0.12). The overall 10-year survival rate was 83.17%. The rate for patients who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement was 91.3% and 73.1% (P=0.02) for patients who underwent concomitant surgery. In the univariate analysis, the main predictors of mortality were preoperative ejection fraction (P=0.02; HR 0.01) and EuroSCORE II results (P=0.00000042; HR 1.13). In the multivariate analysis, the main predictors of mortality were age (P=0.01, HR 1.04) and concomitant surgery (P=0.01, HR 5.04). Those relationships were statistically significant. Conclusion: A valve index of < 0.75 cm2/m2 did not affect 10-year survival. However, concomitant surgery and age significantly affected mortality.

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo primário deste estudo é identificar preditores de óbito hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de aorta. O objetivo secundário é identificar fatores associados ao desfecho clínico composto hospitalar (óbito, sangramento, disfunção ventricular ou complicações neurológicas). MÉTODOS: Delineamento transversal com componente longitudinal; por meio de revisão de prontuários, foram incluídos 257 pacientes. Os critérios de inclusão foram: dissecção crônica de aorta tipo A de Stanford e aneurisma de aorta ascendente. Foram excluídos casos de dissecção aguda de aorta, qualquer tipo, e aneurisma de aorta não envolvendo segmento ascendente. As variáveis avaliadas foram demografia, fatores pré, intra e pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS: Variáveis com risco aumentado de óbito hospitalar (RC; IC95%; P valor): etnia negra (6,8; 1,54 30,2; 0,04), doença cerebrovascular (10,5; 1,12-98,7; 0,04), hemopericárdio (35,1; 3,73-330,2; 0,002), operação de Cabrol (9,9; 1,47-66,36; 0,019), cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica simultânea (4,4; 1,31-15,06; 0,017), revisão de hemostasia (5,72; 1,29-25,29; 0,021) e circulação extracorpórea (CEC) [min] (1,016; 1,007-1,026; 0,001). Dor torácica associou-se com risco reduzido de óbito hospitalar (0,27; 0,08-0,94; 0,04). Variáveis com risco aumentado do desfecho clínico composto hospitalar foram: uso de antifibrinolítico (3,2; 1,65-6,27; 0,0006), complicação renal (7,4; 1,52-36,0; 0,013), complicação pulmonar (3,7; 1,5-8,8; 0,004), EuroScore (1,23; 1,08-1,41; 0,003) e tempo de CEC [min] (1,01; 1,00-1,02; 0,027). CONCLUSÃO: Etnia negra, doença cerebrovascular, hemopericárcio, operação de Cabrol, revascularização miocárdica simultânea, revisão de hemostasia e tempo de CEC associaram-se com risco aumentado de óbito hospitalar. Dor torácica associou-se com risco reduzido de óbito hospitalar. Uso de antifibrinolítico, complicação renal, complicação pulmonar, EuroScore e tempo de CEC associaram-se ao desfecho clínico composto hospitalar.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to identify predictors of hospital mortality in patients undergoing aortic surgery. The secondary objective was to identify factors associated with clinical outcome composed hospital (death, bleeding, neurologic complications or ventricular dysfunction). METHODS: A cross-sectional design with longitudinal component. Through chart review, 257 patients were included. Inclusion criteria were: aortic dissection Stanford type A and ascending aortic aneurysm. Exclusion criteria were acute aortic dissection, of any kind, and no aortic aneurysm involving the ascending segment. Variables assessed: demographics, preoperative factors, intraoperative and postoperative. RESULTS: Variables with increased risk of hospital mortality (OR, 95% CI, P value): black ethnicity (6.8, 1.54-30.2; 0.04), cerebrovascular disease (10.5, 1.12-98.7; 0.04), hemopericardium (35.1, 3.73-330.2; 0.002), Cabrol operation (9.9, 1.47-66.36; 0.019), CABG simultaneous (4.4; 1.31 to 15.06; 0.017), bleeding (5.72, 1.29-25.29; 0.021) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time [min] (1.016; 1.0071.026; 0.001). Thoracic pain was associated with reduced risk of hospital death (0.27, 0.08-0.94, 0.04). Variables with increased risk of hospital clinical outcome compound were: use of antifibrinolytic (3.2, 1.65-6.27; 0.0006), renal complications (7.4, 1.52-36.0; 0.013), pulmonary complications (3.7, 1.58.8, 0.004), EuroScore (1.23; 1.08-1.41; 0.003) and CPB time [min] (1.01; 1.00 to 1.02; 0.027). CONCLUSION: Ethnicity black, cerebrovascular disease, hemopericardium, Cabrol operation, CABG simultaneous, hemostasis review and CPB time was associated with increased risk of hospital death. Chest pain was associated with reduced risk of hospital death. Use of antifibrinolytic, renal complications, pulmonary complications, EuroScore and CPB time were associated with clinical outcome hospital compound.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização de conduto extracardíaco na confecção de derivação cavopulmonar total nos diferentes tipos de cardiopatias complexas nas quais está indicado este tipo de correção. MÉTODO: Entre maio de 2000 e janeiro de 2003, foram operados 18 pacientes, 10 do sexo masculino, com idades entre 1 e 12 anos e peso variando de 11 a 29 quilos. O diagnóstico principal foi atresia tricúspide em oito pacientes, conexão atrioventricular univentricular em oito e defeito total do septo atrioventricular desbalanceado em dois. Apenas um paciente foi operado sem cirurgia paliativa prévia. A operação foi realizada com emprego de circulação extracorpórea com temperatura acima de 32ºC orofaríngea e sem isquemia aórtica. Foram empregados, entre a veia cava inferior e a circulação pulmonar, 10 tubos de PTFE, quatro de Hemashield e quatro de pericárdio bovino, com números variando de 16 a 22mm de diâmetro. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram quatro casos de trombose no tubo, todos reoperados, com um óbito. Em um paciente, após 69 dias da operação, foi realizado "takedown" para Glenn bidirecional. Entre os 18 pacientes ocorreram três óbitos, um por trombose do tubo e dois por síndrome de baixo débito no pós-operatório imediato. CONCLUSÃO: O emprego de tubo extracardíaco já faz parte da técnica de derivação cavopulmonar total, mas sua indicação merece cuidados especiais.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates a new technique of an extracardiac conduit in total cavopulmonary connection in complex congenital heart disease. METHODS: Between May 2000 and October 2002, 18 extracardiac conduit surgeries were performed. The patients' weights ranged from 11 to 29 kilograms, the ages ranged from 1 to 12 years old and 10 patients were male. There were eight patients with tricuspid atresia, eight with univentricular heart, and two with unbalanced total atrioventricular septal defect. There were 17 patients who had been submitted to a previous palliative surgery. The surgery was performed at over 32º centigrade without aortic ischemia. Ten PTFE, 4 Hemashield and 4 bovine pericardium tubes were used with diameters ranging from 16 to 22 mm. RESULTS: There were four cases of tube thrombosis and these patients were a reoperation was performed with one death. In one patient a takedown was performed on the 69th postoperative day. There were three deaths, one due to tube thrombosis and two due to low cardiac output. CONCLUSION: Extracardiac conduit is already used for total cavopulmonary connection, but despite encouraging early results, a longer follow-up is necessary to prove its real advantages.

OBJECTIVE: To study mitral valve function in the postoperative period after correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. METHODS: Fifty patients underwent surgical correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. Their mean age was 11.8 years and 62% of the patients were males. Preoperative echocardiography showed moderate and severe mitral insufficiency in 44% of the patients. The mitral valve cleft was sutured in 45 (90%) patients (group II - GII). Echocardiographies were performed in the early postoperative period, and 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge. RESULTS: The patients who had some type of arrhythmia in the postoperative period had ostium primum atrial septal defect of a larger size (2.74 x 2.08 cm). All 5 patients in group I (GI), who did not undergo closure of the cleft, had a competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the preoperative period. One of these patients began to have moderate mitral insufficiency in the postoperative period. On the other hand, in GII, 88.8% and 82.2% of the patients had competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively. CONCLUSION: The mitral valve cleft was repaired in 90% of cases. Echocardiography revealed competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in 88.8% and 82.2% of GII patients in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively.

OBJETIVO: Como opção para abordagem cirúrgica do coração temos a miniesternotomia e a mini-incisão, sendo a última caracterizada por uma pequena abertura na pele com secção mediana total do esterno. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar estas duas opções de abordagem do coração quanto a viabilidade, reprodutividade e efeito estético final. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas miniesternotomias em "H" e em "L" e operações através de mini-incisão para tratamento de valvopatias (aórtica e mitral), cardiopatias congênitas (CIV e CIA) e revascularização do miocárdio. Analisamos 35 pacientes, sendo 10 (40%) submetidos a miniesternotomia e 25 (60%) a mini-incisão. A idade média foi de 23,4 anos (variando de 1,3 a 52 anos de idade) com predomínio do sexo feminino (54%). RESULTADOS: As operações realizadas foram: troca de valva aórtica em 9 (25,7%) pacientes (8 próteses biológicas e uma metálica); troca de valva mitral em 6 (17,1%) casos (em todos utilizou-se próteses biológicas) e uma plastia mitral (2,9%); 2 (5,8%) pacientes com troca mitro-aórtica; atrioseptoplastia em 13 (37,1%); ventriculoseptoplastia em 1 (2,9%); e 3 (8,5%) revascularizações do miocárdio sendo uma sem o auxílio de circulação extracorpórea. A abordagem cirúrgica foi feita por miniesternotomia em "H" em 7 (20%) casos em "L" em 3 (8,5%) e nos 25 casos restantes via mini-incisão. O tamanho das incisões variou de 7 a 14 cm, com média de 9,9 cm. CONCLUSÃO: Estas duas vias de acesso ao coração na operação cardíaca são perfeitamente viáveis e reprodutíveis, sem alteração no tempo cirúrgico, bem como no tempo de CEC, não acarretando portanto, maiores riscos ao paciente, apresentando efeito estético final melhor do que as esternotomias convencionais.

OBJECTIVE: Ministernotomy and mini-incision are options to approach the heart. The latter, is a small incision on the skin with complete division of the sternum. The goal of this study was to evaluate the two approaches regarding viability, reproducibility and the final estetic effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: "H" and "L" miniesternotomies and mini-incision surgeries had been realized for the treatment of valve defects (mitral and aortic), congenital heart defects (IAC and IVC) and three myocardial revascularizations. Thirty-five pacients were assessed: 10 submitted to ministernotomy (40%) and 24 to mini-incision (60%). Average age was 23.4 years (range 3 months to 52 years) with females predominating (54%). RESULTS: The surgeries included: implant of aortic prostetic valve - 9 (25.7%), 8 were biological valves and one a mechanical valve; implant of mitral valve - 6 (17.1%) utilizing biological valves and one plastic mitral valve (2.9%); two mitro-aortic valve replacements (5.8%), correction of atrial septal defect 13 (37.1%) and correction of ventricular septal defect, 1 (2.9%) and 3 (8.5%) myocardial revascularizations, one without extracorporeal circulation. "H" ministernotomy had been done in 7 (20%) cases and in "L" in 3 (8.5%) cases and via mini-incision in the remaining cases (25). The size of the incisions ranged from 7 to 14 cm with an avarege of 9.9 cm. CONCLUSION: This two approaches to the heart for cardiac surgery are perfectly viable and reproducible without changing surgical time, or extracorporeal circulation time without greater risks to the patient, and resulting in a better final estetic effect than conventional sternotomy.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar pacientes submetidos a troca valvar aórtica por próteses pequenas (19 e 21 mm) no seguimento pré e pós-operatório, para verificar a sua viabilidade. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 1989 a novembro de 1997, 1497 pacientes foram submetidos a troca valvar aórtica, em nosso Serviço. Cem apresentaram anel aórtico pequeno, sendo utilizada prótese pequena. Houve, neste grupo, um predomínio do sexo feminino com 74% dos casos, com superfície corpórea média de 1,57 m2. Empregou-se prótese biológica em 33% dos casos. Estes pacientes foram acompanhados com eco Doppler e avaliação clínica no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Este grupo de doentes apresentou melhora na classe funcional, sendo que 86,3% deles estão na classe I e o restante na classe II. O gradiente VE-Ao teve uma diminuição significativa, com média de 30,9 mmHg no pós-operatório. Foi necessário procedimento associado em 64% dos casos, tendo, como mais comum, a troca da valva mitral. A sobrevida deste grupo, em 101 meses de acompanhamento, é de 83%. CONCLUSÃO: Em função da melhoria clínica acentuada dos pacientes, com a maioria estando assintomática e com gradiente trans-protético aceitável, acreditamos que as próteses pequenas possam ser utilizadas com segurança, levando em consideração a relação entre o número da prótese e a superfície corpórea do paciente.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate patients, before and after surgery, with change of aortic valve for a small prosthesis (19 and 21 mm), in order to check the viability of their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our Service, from January 1989 to November 1997, 1497 patients had the aortic valve changed. The small prostheses were used in 100 patients. Females predominated (74%) in this group, with average body surface of 1.57 m2. The biological prosthesis were used in 33% of the cases. Postoperatively, these patients were followed by Doppler echocardiography and clinical evaluation. RESULTS: This group of patients presented improvement in functional class; 86.3% of them are in class I, and the others in class II. The VE-Ao gradient was significantly reduced, with a postoperative average of 30.9 mmHg. In 64% of the cases an associated procedure was necessary: the most common was mitral valve replacement. The survival rate of this group, in 101 months of follow-up, is 83%. CONCLUSION: Considering the clinical improvement in these patients, most are asymptomatic and with an acceptable trans-prosthetic gradient, we fell that the small prosthesis can be used safely when the relationship between the size of the prosthesis and the patient’s body surface area is appropriate.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar fatores que influenciaram a mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de correção de aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, no ano de 1994. Quarenta e nove pacientes foram operados, com idade variando de 32 a 79 anos (m=56,7), sendo 15 do sexo feminino e 34 do masculino. A técnica cirúrgica empregada foi de endoaneurismorrafia em 7 pacientes e sutura direta em 42 pacientes. Em todos realizou-se plicatura do septo interventricular. Em 44 houve revascularização do miocárdio concomitantemente. Os fatores estudados foram: localização do aneurisma, proteção miocárdica, tempo de anóxia, tempo de perfusão, revascularização do miocárdio concomitante, intervalo entre o infarto do miocárdio e a correção cirúrgica, quadro clínico pregresso e utilização de balão intra-aórtico. A mortalidade global foi de 7 pacientes (14%). As análises univariada e multivariada dos fatores estudados evidenciaram que o tipo de proteção miocárdica e a classe funcional de ICC pré-operatória influenciaram a taxa de mortalidade. Em nossa casuística, a classe funcional e o tipo de proteção miocárdica foram fatores preditores de mortalidade, porém ressaltamos a necessidade de estudos mais amplos observando o aspecto da proteção miocárdica, para confirmação desta hipótese.

During 1994, we performed 49 surgical corrections of left ventricular aneurysm in patients aged 32 to 79 years. The surgical technique was reconstruction (endoaneurysmorraphy) in 7 patients and resection in 42. In all patients the plicature in the interventricular septum was done. The factors studied were: site of the aneurysm, myocardial protection, anoxia time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, simultaneously myocardial revascularization, interval between acute myocardial infarction and the surgical treatment, clinical status and the utilization of intra-aortic balloon pump. The mortality rate was 14% (7 cases). The only factors that predicted mortality were functional class (NYHA) and the type of myocardial protection.